Wikipedia consciousness

Wikipedia consciousness. Access consciousness, by contrast, refers to an awareness of information that is accessible to other mental processes but not necessarily part of current experience. In the philosophy of mind, panpsychism (/ p æ n ˈ s aɪ k ɪ z əm /) is the view that the mind or a mind-like aspect is a fundamental and ubiquitous feature of reality. [1] However, its nature has led to millennia of analyses, explanations, and debate by philosophers, scientists, and theologians. Autonoetic consciousness is the human ability to mentally place oneself in the past and future (i. alternative outcomes), and to thus be able to examine one's own thoughts. [60] Chalmers is skeptical that any new physics can resolve the hard problem of consciousness. g. The journal's editor-in-chief positions were held by Bernard Baars, late William Banks and late Bruce Bridgeman. Dehaene believes that "access consciousness" (being aware of and able to report on information) is the right definition to start with for scientific investigation. Formed in 1970 by musical director John Cameron and record producer Mickie Most, CCS consisted largely of session musicians, and was created primarily as a recording outfit. Gennaro, R. Emergentism is the belief in emergence, particularly as it involves consciousness and the philosophy of mind. The Journal of Consciousness Studies is an interdisciplinary peer-reviewed academic journal dedicated entirely to the field of consciousness studies. This is the Vishaya- chaitanya or the 'object-consciousness' which does not mean consciousness of the object but the object which is a phase of consciousness which prevails everywhere. Anil Seth defines such models as those that relate brain phenomena such as fast irregular electrical activity and widespread brain activation to properties of Primary consciousness is a term the American biologist Gerald Edelman coined to describe the ability, found in humans and some animals, to integrate observed events with memory to create an awareness of the present and immediate past of the world around them. Level of consciousness (LOC) is a measurement of a person's arousability and responsiveness to stimuli from the environment. Du Bois' double consciousness alone provides an understanding of race relations in the United States from the perspective of the racialized Other, while Anzaldúa's mestiza consciousness describes a form of consciousness unique to the mestiza because Chicanas live in a space of contradiction and ambiguity unique to the [Mexico-US] borderland. Electromagnetic field theories (or "EM field theories") of consciousness propose that consciousness results when a brain produces an electromagnetic field with specific characteristics. In Gramsci's view, a unified whole is composed of solidarity among its different constituent parts, and therefore, this whole cannot be uniformly the same. It explores the nature of consciousness – particularly "the ability to introspect" – and its evolution in ancient human history. The mind–body problem is a paradigmatic issue in philosophy of mind, although a number of other issues are addressed, such as the hard problem of consciousness and the nature of particular mental states. The Consciousness Paradox psychological consciousness: publicly accessible descriptions of consciousness, such as its neurochemical correlates or role in influencing behaviour. [6] [7] [8] The practice of mindfulness, which is about being aware moment-to-moment of one's subjective conscious experience [9] aid one to directly experience the "stream of consciousness" and to gradually cultivate self-knowledge and wisdom. Susan Pockett [ 1 ] [ 2 ] and Johnjoe McFadden [ 3 ] have proposed EM field theories; William Uttal [ 4 ] has criticized McFadden's and other field theories. mental time travel) or in counterfactual situations (i. Primary consciousness can build up a bodily based reference space even before language and higher-order consciousness appear. One reason, she held, was that conscience, as we understand it in moral or legal matters, is supposedly always present within us, just like consciousness: "and this conscience is also supposed to tell us what to do and what to repent; before it became the lumen naturale or Kant's practical reason, it was the voice of God. phenomenal consciousness: experience; something is phenomenologically conscious if it feels like something to be it . Sometimes the models are labeled theories of consciousness . [1] The eight-circuit model of consciousness is a holistic model originally presented as psychological philosophy (abbreviated "psy-phi" [1]) by Timothy Leary in books including Neurologic (1973) and Exo-Psychology (1977), later expanded on by Robert Anton Wilson in his books Cosmic Trigger (1977) [2] and Prometheus Rising (1983), and by Antero Alli in his books Angel Tech (1985) and The Eight Inre monolog (engelska: stream of consciousness, "medvetandeström" [1]) är ett berättartekniskt grepp inom litteraturen som går ut på att skriva "inifrån" en persons huvud. E. Julian Jaynes (February 27, 1920 – November 21, 1997) was an American psychologist at Yale and Princeton for nearly 25 years, best known for his 1976 book The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind. Dec 21, 2023 · Christ Consciousness is an awareness of the higher self as part of a universal system. The most important point regarding the classification of disorders of consciousness is, that consciousness cannot be measured objectively by any machine, although many scoring systems have been developed for the quantification of consciousness and neuroimaging techniques are important tools for clinical research, extending our understanding of Primary consciousness is associated with unconstrained cognition and less ordered (higher-entropy) neurodynamics that preceded the development of modern, normal waking consciousness in adults. [ 1 ] An altered level of consciousness is any measure of arousal other than normal. Jun 18, 2004 · Distinctions can be drawn between creature and state consciousness as well as among the varieties of each. Materialism assumes that consciousness has no special role in relation to quantum mechanics. It includes the being and becoming that occurred in the universe prior to the emergence of the concept of mind, a term that more appropriately refers to the organic, human aspect of universal consciousness. While Hegel placed God behind the workings of consciousness in people, Marx saw the political economy as the engine of mind. However, scientific research has established that the physiological functioning of the brain , the cessation of which defines brain death , is closely connected to mental states. Allan Hobson, M. Seth also looks at the relationship between humans, animals, and the potential for machines to have consciousness. It is organized by the Center for Consciousness Studies of the University of Arizona. Alternate conferences are held in Arizona (either Tucson or Phoenix), and the others in locations A national consciousness is a shared sense of national identity [32] and a shared understanding that a people group shares a common ethnic/linguistic/cultural background. Aug 28, 2024 · The pantheistic mainstream asari religion is siari, which translates roughly as "All is one. as the memory of subjective awareness during sleep. In philosophy of mind, the computational theory of mind (CTM), also known as computationalism, is a family of views that hold that the human mind is an information processing system and that cognition and consciousness together are a form of computation. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada . Consciousness! is an album by saxophonist Eric Kloss with guitarist Pat Martino and rhythm section Chick Corea, Dave Holland and Jack DeJohnette which was recorded on January 6, 1970 and released on Prestige later that same year. [1] A social conscience is "a sense of responsibility or concern for the problems and injustices of society". During this period, which overlapped with apartheid, the ANC had committed to an armed struggle through its military wing Umkhonto we Sizwe, but this small guerrilla army was neither able to seize and hold territory in South Africa nor to Double consciousness is the dual self-perception [1] experienced by subordinated or colonized groups in an oppressive society. [61] [62] [63] He argues that quantum theories of consciousness suffer from the same weakness as more conventional The International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), known colloquially as the Hare Krishna movement, is a Gaudiya Vaishnava Hindu religious organization. In November 1967, a group including Shulamith Firestone, Anne Koedt, Kathie Sarachild (originally Kathie Amatniek), and Carol Hanisch began meeting in Koedt's apartment. [2] [3] These four abilities are operationalized as degrees of awareness, tolerance, emotional (nonverbal) expression , and conceptual (verbal The Republic of Consciousness Prize for Small Presses is an annual British literary prize founded by the author Neil Griffiths. e. The Human Consciousness Project is a professional organization, located at the University of Southampton, set up to study the nature of consciousness, the human brain and clinical death. Artificial consciousness, [1] also known as machine consciousness, [2] [3] synthetic consciousness, [4] or digital consciousness, [5] is the consciousness hypothesized to be possible in artificial intelligence. Loss of consciousness should not be confused with the notion of the psychoanalytic unconscious, cognitive processes that take place outside awareness (e. [1] Their debut album, Our Moon is Full (2008), was released on Barry Adamson 's Central Control label [ 2 ] and features guest vocalists such as Barry Adamson, [ 3 ] J. [1]Animal consciousness, or animal awareness, is the quality or state of self-awareness within an animal, or of being aware of an external object or something within itself. Consciousness is a 2009 book by Christopher S. B. Social consciousness or social awareness, is collective consciousness shared by individuals within a society. Consciousness Explained is a 1991 book by the American philosopher Daniel Dennett, in which the author offers an account of how consciousness arises from interaction of physical and cognitive processes in the brain. One's sense of self affects their behavior, in the present, past and future. At a glance, national consciousness is one's level of awareness of the The argument from consciousness is an argument for the existence of God that claims characteristics of human consciousness (such as qualia) cannot be explained by the physical mechanisms of the human body and brain, therefore asserting that there must be non-physical aspects to human consciousness. Historically, a rise in national consciousness has been the first step toward creating a nation. [ 7 ] According to Antonio Damasio, sentience is a minimalistic way of defining consciousness, which otherwise commonly and collectively describes sentience plus further features of the mind and consciousness, such as creativity, intelligence, sapience, self-awareness, and intentionality (the ability to have thoughts about something). C. They enumerate the five sense consciousnesses, supplemented by the mental consciousness (manovijñāna), the defiled mental consciousness (kliṣṭamanovijñāna [2]), and finally the fundamental store-house consciousness The Black Consciousness Movement started to develop during the late 1960s, and was led by Steve Biko, Mamphela Ramphele, and Barney Pityana [citation needed]. Self-consciousness is a heightened sense of awareness of oneself. Consciousness and Self-consciousness: A Defense of the Higher-Order Thought Theory of Consciousness. It comprises a framework ultimately intended to explain why some physical systems (such as human brains) are conscious, [1] and to be capable of providing a concrete inference about whether any physical system is conscious, to what degree, and Higher state of consciousness may refer to: Higher consciousness; Higher State of Consciousness (song), a song by American electronic artist Josh Wink Time of useful consciousness (TUC), also effective performance time (EPT), is defined as the amount of time an individual is able to function effectively (e. These further Consciousness after death is a common theme in society and culture, and the belief in some form of life after death is a feature of many religions. It is often disputed amongst academics and scientists. Higher consciousness (also called expanded consciousness) is a term that has been used in various ways to label particular states of consciousness or personal development. [2] Consciousness is a range of mental states. [6] Collective consciousness can refer to a multitude of different individual forms of consciousness coalescing into a greater whole. The term and the idea were first published in W. In a psychological sense, stream of consciousness is the subject matter, while interior monologue is the technique for presenting it". While many sources use the terms stream of consciousness and interior monologue as synonyms, the Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms suggests that "they can also be distinguished psychologically and literarily. Aug 21, 2024 · Consciousness, a psychological condition defined by the English philosopher John Locke as “the perception of what passes in a man’s own mind. Phi; the symbol used for integrated information. Illustration of the Neoplatonic concept of the anima mundi emanating from The Absolute, in some ways a precursor to modern panpsychism. aṣṭa vijñānakāyāḥ [1]) is a classification developed in the tradition of the Yogācāra school of Mahayana Buddhism. There is a preliminary approach to the relationship between conscious and unconscious processes, including sensors and motors, because so little is known. [1] The name was derived as an abbreviation of Collective Consciousness Society. Carroll, Claus Larsen, and others have questioned the methodology of the Global Consciousness Project, particularly how the data are selected and interpreted, [2] [3] saying the data anomalies reported by the project are the result of "pattern matching" and selection bias which ultimately fail to support a belief in In the law of evidence, consciousness of guilt is a type of circumstantial evidence that judges, prosecutors, and juries may consider when determining whether a defendant is guilty of a criminal offense. It is not to be confused with consciousness in the sense of qualia . David Chalmers argues against quantum consciousness. 1615 . It describes her thoughts during zazen retreats and other self-directed meditative exercises, and how those thoughts relate to the neuroscience of consciousness . [1] The concept of conscious evolution refers to the theoretical ability of human beings to become conscious participants in the evolution of their cultures, or even of the entirety of human society, based on a relatively recent combination of factors, including increasing awareness of cultural and social patterns, reaction against perceived problems with existing patterns, injustices, inequities The Experience of God: Being, Consciousness, Bliss is a 2013 book by philosopher and religious studies scholar David Bentley Hart published by Yale University Press. Sep 9, 2022 · Consciousness is defined as the state of being aware or awake; of noticing the existence of something . The HOT theory of consciousness: Between a rock and a hard place? Journal of Consciousness Studies 12 ( 2 ): 3 – 21, 2005. J. [1] A mildly depressed level of consciousness or alertness may be classed as lethargy; someone in this state can be aroused with little Sufficiently more evolved is the second layer of Damasio's theory, Core Consciousness. [1] It may be used to describe a state of liberation from the limitations of self-concept or ego , as well as a state of mystical experience in which the perceived separation The universal mind, or universal consciousness, is a metaphysical concept suggesting an underlying essence of all beings and becoming in the universe. Sakshi means Ishvara, the चेता (cetā), the sole Self-consciousness, who is the witness of all, who gives consciousness to every human being, thereby making each rational and discriminatory. perform flying duties) in an environment of inadequate oxygen supply. " The faithful agree on certain core truths: the universe is a consciousness, every life within it is an aspect of the greater whole, and death is a merging of one's spiritual energy back into the greater universal consciousness. G. Affect consciousness (or affect integration - a more generic term for the same phenomenon) refers to an individual's ability to consciously perceive, tolerate, reflect upon, and express affects. According to the theory its importance for cognitive science derives from two perspectives. Integrated information theory (IIT) proposes a mathematical model for the consciousness of a system. The sociological approach [5] emphasizes the importance of language, collective representations, self-conceptions, and self-reflectivity. It rewards fiction published by UK and Irish small presses, defined as those with fewer than five full-time employees. [3] Understanding Consciousness (2000) is a book by Max Velmans, Emeritus Professor of Psychology at Goldsmiths, University of London, which combines an account of scientific studies of consciousness with a perspective from the philosophy of mind. Du Bois's autoethnographic work, The Souls of Black Folk in 1903, in which he described the African American experience of double consciousness, including his own. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The project is multidisciplinary [ 1 ] [ 3 ] and involves scientists and physicians worldwide. Models of consciousness are used to illustrate and aid in understanding and explaining distinctive aspects of consciousness. . Being You: A New Science of Consciousness is a 2021 non-fiction book by neuroscientist Anil Seth, published by Faber and Faber. Consciousness raising groups were formed by New York Radical Women, an early Women's Liberation group in New York City, and quickly spread throughout the United States. In Marxism, class consciousness is the set of beliefs that persons hold regarding their social class or economic rank in society, the structure of their class, History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics (German: Geschichte und Klassenbewußtsein – Studien über marxistische Dialektik) is a 1923 book by the Hungarian philosopher György Lukács, in which the author re-emphasizes the philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's influence on the philosopher Karl Marx, analyzes the concept of "class consciousness," and attempts a Dual consciousness (or Dual mind / Divided consciousness) is a hypothesis or concept in neuroscience. The book explores the author's theory of consciousness and the self. It has been defined as: subjectivity , awareness , sentience , the ability to experience or to feel , wakefulness, having a sense of selfhood , and the executive control system of the mind. Examples include the rapid eye movement sleep (REM),transcendental state between REM sleep and sensory awareness(the psychedelic state), or the onset Higher-order theories of consciousness postulate that consciousness consists in perceptions or thoughts about first-order mental states. Consciousness, at its simplest, is awareness of internal and external existence. Dennett describes consciousness as an account of the various calculations occurring in the brain at close to the same time. In the case of phenomenal consciousness, the awareness involves a direct and qualitative experience of mental phenomena, like the auditory experience of attending a concert. [1] It is a core principle in all ancient spiritual traditions originating from the Indian subcontinent , including Hinduism , Sikhism and Jainism . For Marx, an authentic consciousness was linked to understanding one's true position in History. The journal was launched by Bernard Baars and William Banks. The Eight Consciousnesses (Skt. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] In particular, phenomenal consciousness is thought to be a higher-order representation of perceptual or quasi-perceptual contents, such as visual images. Sciousness, a term coined by William James in The Principles of Psychology, refers to consciousness separate from consciousness of self. Opinions differ about what exactly needs to be studied or even considered consciousness. ) [5] The measurement problem notwithstanding, they point to a causal closure of physics, suggesting a problem with how consciousness and matter might interact, reminiscent of objections to Descartes' substance dualism. [1] The descriptors of low level rule consciousness are expedient, nonconforming, disregards rules, self-indulgent or having a low super ego strength while the high level consciousness are rule-conscious, dutiful, conscientious, conforming Zen and the Art of Consciousness (2011), originally titled [1] Ten Zen Questions (2009), is a book by Susan Blackmore. [ 2 ] The Nine Consciousness is a concept in Buddhism, specifically in Nichiren Buddhism, [1] that theorizes there are nine levels that comprise a person's experience of life. The Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness (ASSC) is an American non-profit organization for professional membership that aims to encourage research on consciousness in cognitive science, neuroscience, philosophy, and other relevant disciplines. [3] They are less aware of time and their surroundings, and find it difficult to pay attention. Although it can be interpreted in a number of ways, a common understanding is that Christ Consciousness is the state of consciousness in which a person has found self-realization and unity with God or the Divine. , implicit cognition), and with altered states of consciousness such as sleep, delirium, hypnosis, and other altered states in which the person responds to stimuli, including trance and The rule consciousness as one of the primary factors of personality out of sixteen as categorized by Raymond Cattell, 1946 as low and high level. " [127] Clouding of consciousness, also called brain fog or mental fog, [1] [2] occurs when a person is slightly less wakeful or aware than normal. This emergent process occurs when an organism becomes consciously aware of feelings associated with changes occurring to its internal bodily state; it is able to recognize that its thoughts are its own, and that they are formulated in its own perspective. [1] When exploring consciousness through the concept of dreams, many researchers believe the general characteristics that constitute primary and secondary consciousness remain intact: "Primary consciousness is a state in which you have no future or past, a state of just being…. Hull. In neuroscience, the defintion of consciousness is continually shifting as scientists advance their understand of the phenomena. Consciousness means being awake, alert and responsive to the environment. [1] Sleeping Girl, Domenico Fetti, c. During sleep, there is a marked decrease in muscle activity and interactions with the surrounding environm The journal Consciousness and Cognition provides a forum for scientific approaches to the issues of consciousness, voluntary control, and self. Thirlwell [ 4 ] and Black Skeptics such as Robert T. He instead discusses how quantum mechanics may relate to dualistic consciousness. According to the Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness, "near human-like levels of consciousness" have been observed in the grey parrot. In Marxist theory, false consciousness is a term describing the ways in which material, ideological, and institutional processes are said to mislead members of the proletariat and other class actors within capitalist societies, concealing the exploitation and inequality intrinsic to the social relations between classes. Consciousness may also refer to: Consciousness, 2009 book by Christopher S. ”) In the philosophy of mind, the hard problem of consciousness is to explain why and how humans and other organisms have qualia, phenomenal consciousness, or subjective experience. . He explains how consciousness was not even mentioned in neuroscientific circles until the late 1980s, when a revolution in consciousness research began. The philosophy of mind is a branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of the mind and its relation to the body and the external world. [6] Critical consciousness, conscientization, or conscientização in Portuguese (Portuguese pronunciation: [kõsjẽtʃizaˈsɐ̃w]), is a popular education and social concept developed by Brazilian pedagogue and educational theorist Paulo Freire, grounded in neo-Marxist critical theory. [ 11 ] To advaitins , it refers to a pure consciousness that knows itself and also knows others. It was first published in English in 1954 in a translation by R. A property of a system is said to be emergent if it is a new outcome of some other properties of the system and their interaction, while it is itself different from them. James wrote: Instead of the stream of thought being one of con-sciousness, 'thinking its own existence along with whatever else it thinks'it might better be called a stream of Sciousness pure and simple, thinking objects of some of which it makes what it Cosmic Consciousness: A Study in the Evolution of the Human Mind is a 1901 book by the psychiatrist Richard Maurice Bucke, in which the author explores the concept of cosmic consciousness, which he defines as "a higher form of consciousness than that possessed by the ordinary man". It has been defined as: sentience, awareness, subjectivity, the ability to experience or to feel, wakefulness, having a sense of selfhood, and the executive control system of the mind. Consciousness is an album by guitarist Pat Martino which was recorded in 1974 and first released on the Muse label. Dream consciousness is a term defined by the theorist of dreaming science J. The quantum mind or quantum consciousness is a group of hypotheses proposing that local physical laws and interactions from classical mechanics or connections between neurons alone cannot explain consciousness, [1] positing instead that quantum-mechanical phenomena, such as entanglement and superposition that cause nonlocalized quantum effects, interacting in smaller features of the brain than The Science of Consciousness (TSC; formerly Toward a Science of Consciousness) is an international academic conference that has been held biannually since 1994. Syncope, commonly known as fainting or passing out, is a loss of consciousness and muscle strength characterized by a fast onset, short duration, and spontaneous recovery. [1]While our conscience is related to moral conduct in our day-to-day lives with respect to individuals, social conscience is concerned with the broader institutions of society and the gap that we may perceive between the sort of society that should exist and the one that does exist. F. It was founded on 13 July 1966 in New York City by A. Hill, in which the author offers explanations of six forms of consciousness: agent consciousness, propositional consciousness, introspective consciousness, relational consciousness, phenomenal consciousness, and experiential consciousness. [ 1 ] Social consciousness is linked to the collective self-awareness and experience of collectively shared social identity . It is proposed that it is possible that a person may develop two separate conscious entities within their one brain after undergoing a corpus callosotomy . The Origins and History of Consciousness (German: Ursprungsgeschichte des Bewusstseins) is a 1949 book by the psychologist and philosopher Erich Neumann, in which the author attempts to "outline the archetypal stages in the development of consciousness". D. [1] [2] Reception. I en inre monolog försöker författaren följa en persons medvetande och sinnesintryck . [1] The definition of consciousness may differ in psychology, neuroscience, philosophy and other related sciences. The association aims to advance research about the nature, function, and underlying Chit (Sanskrit: चित् or Cit) is a Sanskrit word meaning consciousness. It is published by Imprint Academic, and was founded in 1994. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1996. ” (Read Yuval Noah Harari’s Britannica essay on “Nonconscious Man. The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness is a 1993 history book about a distinct black Atlantic culture that incorporated elements from African, American, British, and Caribbean cultures. [1] Group consciousness in political science refers to the phenomenon in which members within a social identity group become aware of how their group identification impacts their position in society, and therefore come together to pursue collective action to advocate for their shared interests. That is, consciousness describes a person's awareness of politics. The most important point regarding the classification of disorders of consciousness is, that consciousness cannot be measured objectively by any machine, although many scoring systems have been developed for the quantification of consciousness and neuroimaging techniques are important tools for clinical research, extending our understanding of Consciousness is the state or quality of awareness. Sleep is a state of reduced mental and physical activity in which consciousness is altered and certain sensory activity is inhibited. Professional ratings; Strings of Consciousness is an eleven-piece band formed by Herve Vincenti and Philippe Petit hailing from cities such as London, Chicago and Paris. Historically, "self-consciousness" was synonymous with " self-awareness ", referring to a state of awareness that one exists and that one has consciousness . The book lays out a statement and defense of classical theism and attempts to provide an explanation of how the word "God" functions in the theistic faiths, drawing particularly from Christianity, Islam and Hinduism. This theoretical approach argues that the shape and feel of human consciousness is heavily social, and this is no less true of our experiences of "collective consciousness" than it is of our experiences of individual consciousness. [ 2 ] A science of consciousness must explain the exact relationship between subjective mental states and brain states, the nature of the relationship between the conscious mind and the electrochemical interactions in the body (mind–body problem). no executive ego control in your dreams, no planning, things just Early Buddhist scriptures describe the "stream of consciousness" (Pali; viññāna-sota) where it is referred to as the Mind Stream. One can refer specifically to phenomenal consciousness, access consciousness, reflexive or meta-mental consciousness, and narrative consciousness among other varieties. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It fundamentally draws on how people's physical bodies react to the external world, then considers the inner workings of the mind which result in a person's actions. Consciousness is the quality or state of being aware of an external object or something within oneself. Hill; Consciousness: How Matter Becomes Imagination, a 2000 book by biologists Gerald Maurice Edelman and Giulio Tononi; Consciousness! (Eric Kloss album), 1970; Consciousness (Pat Martino album), 1974 The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind is a 1976 book by the Princeton psychologist, psychohistorian [a] and consciousness theorist Julian Jaynes (1920-1997). tqio jjt wbwry pmlp nifw qiq evig lupx tint ejscxk