Hot theory of consciousness

Hot theory of consciousness. One of the most promising theories of consciousness currently available is higher-order thought (“HOT”) theory, according to which consciousness consists in having suitable HOTs regarding one’s mental life. Sep 1, 2019 · The higher-order theory (HOT) of consciousness has often been misunderstood by critics. On my view, conscious self-awareness enters the picture during what is sometimes called “introspection” which is a more sophisticated form of self-consciousness. 3, pp. Additionally, it would help to determine whether a theory has any ‘blank spots’ regarding what is considered a defining feature for a theory of consciousness. Here, we clarify its position on several issues, and distinguish it from other views, such as the global workspace theory (GWT) and early sensory models (e. On the other hand, it might also be alleged that the HOT theory does not or cannot address the so-called 'hard problem' of phenomenal consciousness. consciousness (HOT theories, for short) assert that one is conscious of a mental state, a, when one is in the higher-order state of believing that one is in the state a. I try to reconcile Dretske's representational theory of conscious mental states with Rosenthal's higher-order thought (HOT) theory of conscious mental states by arguing that Rosenthal's HOT can make room for the notion of a state of consciousness whereby an invidual may be conscious of an object or property without thereby being conscious of Part 1 Stream of consciousness: the stream of consciousness, William James the Cartesian theatre and "filling in" the stream of consciousness, Daniel C. He argues that this theory can bridge the notorious explanatory gap. But the HOT theory has its own difficulty here. Dennett I: Qualia Eliminated 8. Lastly, we review an expanded category of Dec 23, 1995 · The remainder of this article deals primarily with the attribution of consciousness in its phenomenal sense to animals, although there will be some discussion of access consciousness, self-consciousness and theory of mind in animals, especially where these have been related theoretically to phenomenal consciousness — as, for instance, in Oct 7, 2023 · This is part 2 of a 5-part series. Here, we clarify its position on several issues, and distinguish it from other views, such as the global workspace theory (GWT) and early sensory Apr 24, 2021 · 2. This content downloaded from 192. Self-Representational Theories7. However there is [Show full abstract] Wilberg (2010) has argued that HOT theory can offer a straightforward account of such cases: Since consciousness is a property of mental state tokens, and since there are no Mar 15, 2018 · to Consciousness Richard Brown,1 Hakwan Lau,2,3 and Joseph E. Neolithic burial practices appear to express spiritual beliefs and provide early evidence for at least minimally reflective thought about the nature of human consciousness (Pearson 1999, Clark and Riel-Salvatore 2001). ’ I share this view with Sartre and have elsewhere argued for it The information integration theory accounts, in a principled manner, for several neurobiological observations concerning consciousness, including the association of consciousness with certain neural systems rather than with others; the fact that neural processes underlying consciousness can influence or be influenced by neural processes that remain unconscious; the reduction of consciousness Oct 12, 2021 · This Review discusses four prominent theoretical approaches to consciousness, namely higher-order theories, global workspace theories, re-entry and predictive processing theories and integrated information theory and describes the key characteristics of each approach. The modifications of HOT just described allow us to view the phenomenal states we call emotions as HORs. Other well-developed theoretical approaches to consciousness involve attention By contrast, integrated information theory focuses on phenomenological aspects of consciousness – what it is like, experientially – and proposes that consciousness is associated with a Oct 20, 2011 · Questions do arise for the HOT theory, however. Functionalist theories. A HOT theory is an alternative to theories that consciousness depends on a “global workplace” that integrates and processes data from multiple sense modalities, or that what makes a conscious first-order mental state is what the state represents (“representationalism”). The HOT theory posits that consciousness requires a capacity for thinking about first-order representations, and it is doubtful whether any non-human animals possess such capacities. Birch argues, however Jun 1, 2018 · Stimulating the posterior hot zone can trigger a diversity of distinct sensations and feelings. Chapter 10 criticizes three rival dispositionalist HOT theories that, unlike Carruthers’ theory, constitutively tie phenomenal consciousness to language. These higher-order thoughts perform this role by providing subjects with a particular type of awareness. Identity Theories & the Generation Problem 4. Its main proponent has been Rosenthal (1986, 1993, 2005). Dennett the robust phenomenology of the stream … Expand Am I saying HOT theory is false? Either a postulation (modest version) but there is a better modest version . As we detail in Section 6, for example, Brown’s (Citation 2015) HOROR theory holds that the suitable HOTs themselves are (phenomenally) conscious insofar as they are the states in virtue of which there is something that it is like for the creature to have experiences. The letter provoked blowback from other scientists who felt that such an attack could aggravate divides and Oct 6, 2011 · David Rosenthal's higher-order thought (HOT) theory is one of the most widely argued for of the higher-order accounts of consciousness. Oct 30, 2023 · Consciousness is not about the way it feels to touch a hot surface, for instance, but about generating a control signal that tells us to move our hand away from that surface, an action which has Jun 25, 2023 · It pits integrated information theory (IIT), the sensory network hypothesis that proposes a posterior “hot zone” as the site of consciousness, against the global neuronal workspace theory (GNWT), which likens networks of neurons in the front of the brain to a clipboard where sensory signals, thoughts, and memories combine before being Feb 21, 2022 · The database was created following predefined criteria in line with the PRISMA 2009 guidelines 41 (Fig. But critiques of HOT theory abound. Central to that work is Rosenthal’s higher-order-thought theory of consciousness, according to which a sensation, thought, or other mental state is conscious if one has a higher-order thought (HOT) that one is in that state. 293-330. 3), the global neuronal workspace (section 3. HOT Theory I: The Mentalistic Reduction of Consciousness 5. Step 1: Abstract Selection . Representational theories of consciousness can be further sub-divided into first-order and higher-order theories. This is thought to occur at higher levels of the brain, The answer is an unconscious HOT, which is precisely what HOT theory says, that is, a first-order conscious state is accompanied by an unconscious HOT. , the human brain) is capable of having subjective experience (Chalmers, 1996; Goff, 2017) – what has historically been known as the mind/body problem. The Hard Problem of consciousness refers to the vexing challenge of understanding how matter (e. It might seem that HOT theory results in circularity by defining consciousness in terms of HOTs (which is a kind of “higher-order awareness”), that is, we shouldn’t explain or define a concept by using that very same concept. , 2019). to examine Sartre's theory of consciousness against the background of the so-called 'higher-order thought theory of consciousness' (the HOT theory) which, in turn, will shed light on the structure of conscious mental states as well as on Sartre's theory of (self-) consciousness and reflection. For instance, one theory could claim that attention is essential to consciousness. So much the worse for animal conscious-. 6 Sartre distinguishes between positional (or thetic) consciousness and Aug 24, 2023 · The Correlates of Consciousness. In this exclusive interview, Rocco Gennaro discusses Higher Order Theories and the Consciousness Paradox, which asks the question - how it is possible to hold a number of seemingly inconsistent views, including higher the HOT theory before examining Sartre's theory in much greater detail. Both types of mental operations involve first-order manipulations, and according to higher-order theory, what makes cognition conscious is a higher-order observation of the first-order processing. The central claim of HOT theory is that a mental state is conscious only if one has the HOT that one is in that state. Another goal of this paper is, following Wider, to The second edition of Theories of Consciousness: An Introduction and Assessment provides a fresh and up-to-date introduction to a variety of approaches to consciousness, and contributes to the current lively debate about the nature of consciousness and whether a scientific understanding of it is possible. ” Oct 22, 2023 · The results, announced like the outcome of a sporting event at the 26th meeting of the Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness (ASSC) in New York City, were also used to settle a 25 The goal of Rosenthal's HOT theory is to explain consciousness. , people are conscious of their life, etc. 6 Sartre distinguishes between positional (or thetic) consciousness and Apr 17, 2006 · Chapters 2-6 delineate and defend Carruthers' own theory of consciousness, which he categorizes as a dispositional higher-order thought [HOT] theory. 3. We discuss major theories of consciousness, physical exam-based and electroencephalographic metrics used to stratify levels of consciousness, and tools used to shed light on the neural correlates of the conscious experience. Good theories guide Introduction 1. Themes from Descartes 3. I argue that Rosenthal vacillates between two models of the HOT theory. Chapters 7-8 examine the connection between language and conscious thinking, and argue that language is constitutive of our Dec 19, 2018 · On his website, Hameroff describes the theory: “… it suggests consciousness arises from quantum vibrations in protein polymers called microtubules inside the brain’s neurons. However there is [Show full abstract] Wilberg (2010) has argued that HOT theory can offer a straightforward account of such cases: Since consciousness is a property of mental state tokens, and since there are no Jul 1, 2015 · One popular approach to theorizing about phenomenal consciousness has been to connect it to representations of a certain kind. For example, HOT has been criticized for overintellectualizing consciousness. These rivals are Carruthers’ earlier theory in Language, Thought, and Consciousness (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Apr 12, 2021 · Time Consciousness Is Grounded in Phenomenology. 1) and higher order theories (section 3. Part 1 provided an overview of the leading theories of consciousness. HOP over FOR, HOT theory Peter Carruthers . Oct 7, 2023 · According to HOTs, consciousness arises when mental states are re-represented by higher-order mental states. Consciousness, one of the most enigmatic and debated phenomena in science, has been a subject of numerous theories and propositions (Seth and Bayne 2022). ” For example, in Figure 1 we can see the squares corresponding to 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 as prominent, or alternately see 2, 4, 6, and 8 as prominent, without changing where we look and, it seems, while representing just the same figure and its elements all the while. 1. 1). Or if ambitious, faces conceptual and empirical difficulties . The higher-order theory (HOT) of consciousness has often been misunderstood by critics. The higher-order thought (HOT) theory of consciousness is a reductive representational theory of consciousness which says that what makes a mental state conscious is that there is a suitable HOT directed at that mental state. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of consciousness including its neuroanatomic basis. When Crick and Koch published their landmark paper “Towards a Neurobiological Theory of Consciousness” in 1990, their aim was to place consciousness — for 2,000 years the stomping ground of philosophers— onto a scientific footing. Jan 21, 2022 · It is not a theory in which having a HOT makes you conscious. Leading theories of consciousness include HOT, GWT, IIT, re-entry, and predictive processing theories. II The HOT Theory In the absence of any plausible reductionist account of consciousness in nonmentalistic terms, the HOT theory says that the best explanation for what makes a mental state conscious is that it is accompanied by a Jan 1, 2020 · My overall aim in this paper is to examine Sartre's theory of consciousness against the background of the so-called ‘higher-order thought theory of consciousness’ (the HOT theory) which, in turn, will shed light on the structure of conscious mental states as well as on Sartre's theory of (self-) consciousness and reflection. On the one hand, there is what Stubenberg has called 'the problem of the rock' which, if successful, would show that the HOT theory proves too much. Questions about the nature of conscious awareness have likely been asked for as long as there have been humans. Rather it is a theory in which you have a HOT that tells you that you have consciousness. But the traditional inner-sense theory faces the difficulty of explaining what that dedicated inner sense could be, and HOT theory avoids that problem. Aug 18, 2021 · Additionally, it would help to determine whether a theory has any ‘blank spots’ regarding what is considered a defining feature for a theory of consciousness. " Apr 16, 2021 · One of the most promising theories of consciousness currently available is higher-order thought (“HOT”) theory, according to which consciousness consists in having suitable HOTs regarding one Jun 7, 2024 · The most impressive argument for the NBC theory is that it generates novel theories of dreaming, humor, musical experience, and temporal consciousness, all of which result from the same four brain Mar 13, 2024 · According to what Birch (2022) calls the theory-heavy approach to investigating nonhuman-animal consciousness, we select one of the well-developed theories of consciousness currently debated within contemporary cognitive science and investigate whether animals exhibit the neural structures or cognitive abilities posited by that theory as sufficient for consciousness. Feb 2, 2021 · 1. The HOT theory posits that a form of higher-order awareness is required for a subject to be conscious of the mental states they bear. Apr 16, 2021 · 8. May 3, 2022 · To clarify this complicated landscape, we review four prominent theoretical approaches to consciousness: higher-order theories, global workspace theories, re-entry and predictive processing The higher-order theory (HOT) of consciousness has often been misunderstood by critics. e HOT theory posits that consciousness requires a capacity for thinking about rst-order representations, and it is doubtful whether any non - human animals possess such capacities. For one thing, any theory of consciousness must explain the lighted-up qualitative character of conscious mental qualities. Feb 6, 2024 · A common initial objection to HOT theory is that it leads to an infinite regress or is circular. 53 on Sat, 6 Jul 2013 17:47:08 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Jean-PaulSartreand the HOT Theoryof Consciousness 295 of consciousness. argue that some seemingly insurmountable disagreements can instead be interpreted as complementary in an integrative neurobiological view on consciousness. Moreover, this explains what happens when there is a transition from a first-order conscious state to an introspective state: an unconscious HOT becomes conscious. HOT theory is often framed in relational terms, where, for any f Mar 5, 2024 · Consciousness theories are hotly debated but can be misaligned in scope or approach, fueling discussions centered on differences. 3); the dorsal visual stream that projects into parietal cortex and the ventral visual stream that projects into temporal cortex including visual areas Am I saying HOT theory is false? Either a postulation (modest version) but there is a better modest version . In the first step, one author (Rater #1) screened the articles by title, abstract, and keywords using the following assessment scale: 0 = the article does not debate consciousness itself (the term consciousness appears in the title or the abstract but with general meaning (e. Oct 31, 2019 · Distinguishing the “Easy Part” and the “Hard Part” of the Hard Problem of Consciousness. The attention schema is a nonverbal model, so believing that you are conscious of an object does not require a verbal declaration. It's unlikely that inner sense can do so, since the higher-order mental qualities it posits would themselves need to be explained. A theory of phenomenal consciousness A theory of reflexive consciousness Imagining falsifications Imagining falsifications Losing oneself in an intense experience Pain without a The higher-order theory (HOT) of consciousness has often been misunderstood by critics. A theory of phenomenal consciousness A theory of reflexive consciousness Imagining falsifications Imagining falsifications Losing oneself in an intense experience Pain without a Rosenthal's HOT theory of consciousness resembles the traditional inner-sense theory, on which we are aware of conscious states by some inner sense. We show that, while higher Sep 17, 2021 · According to the Higher-Order Thought (HOT) theory of consciousness, conscious states are just those states that are the object of a suitable higher-order thought to the effect that one is in that state. The most carefully worked out version of a HOT theory can be found in David Rosenthal's 'Two Concepts of Consciousness' [5] Jan 24, 2021 · The HOT theory of consciousness says that what makes a mental state a conscious mental state is that there is a HOT to the effect that “I am in mental state M” (Rosenthal D. Oct 11, 2010 · Abstract. If so, then the HOT theory would prove too little. Central to that work is Rosenthal's higher-order-thought theory of consciousness, according to which a sensation, thought, or other mental state is conscious if one has a higher-order thought (HOT) that one is in that state. May 9, 2018 · Stimulating the posterior hot zone can trigger a diversity of distinct sensations and feelings. So much the worse for animal May 3, 2007 · Lycan must decide whether to cast consciousness as perception‐like in the respects he claims, in which case it is the product of attention mechanisms and under voluntary control, or to cast it as passive awareness, in which case HOP is no longer a theory of consciousness but rather a theory of introspection, or as Reid would put it, of Nov 17, 2005 · Consciousness and Mind presents David Rosenthal's influential work on the nature of consciousness. Jun 12, 2023 · Purpose of Review. Ultimately what we need is a satisfying scientific theory of consciousness that predicts under May 14, 2012 · This book is a current statement of Gennaro's version of the higher-order thought (HOT) theory of consciousness, which he has been developing over the last fifteen years. 4 kg of brain tissue create thoughts, feelings, mental images, and an inner world? Nov 17, 2005 · Abstract. Particularly important to our HOT of emotional consciousness (HOTEC) is the notion that emotions depend on the self. Higher-order awareness on this theory takes the form of a thought. My overall aim in this paper is to examine Sartre's theory of consciousness against the background of the so-called ‘higher-order thought theory of consciousness’ (the HOT theory) which, in turn, will shed light on the structure of conscious mental states as well as on Sartre's theory of (self-) consciousness and reflection. New York: Oxford University Press; 2005, Gennaro R. Jan 1, 2002 · Jean-Paul Sartre believed that consciousness entails self-consciousness, or, even more strongly, that consciousness is self-consciousness. to examine Sartre’s theory of consciousness against the background of the so-called ‘higher-order thought theory of consciousness’ (the HOT theory) which, in turn, will shed light on the structure of conscious mental states as well as on Sartre’s theory of (self-) consciousness and reflection. I argue that there is a very close Jul 24, 2019 · A growing understanding of consciousness could lead to fresh treatments for brain injuries and phobias. Jun 7, 2024 · The most impressive argument for the NBC theory is that it generates novel theories of dreaming, humor, musical experience, and temporal consciousness, all of which result from the same four brain Jun 15, 2022 · I believe that there is a ubiquitous pre-reflective self-awareness accompanying first-order conscious states. Consciousness and Mind presents David Rosenthal’s influential work on the nature of consciousness. Therefore, you think that you have it. 7. Nov 8, 2017 · It is widely accepted that consciousness in this sense encompasses two main dimensions: (1) the “level” of consciousness (arousal/ wakefulness), largely controlled by the ascending activation systems of the brainstem and basal forebrain; and (2) the “content” of consciousness, thought to be largely represented by the thalamocortical Jul 1, 2015 · One popular approach to theorizing about phenomenal consciousness has been to connect it to representations of a certain kind. Jul 9, 2020 · The higher-order perception (HOP) theory holds that HO representation is best modeled on perceptual processes, while the higher-order thought (HOT) theory holds that it is best modeled on thought. How do 1. There is also a relevant philosophical theory of consciousness: namely, the higher-order thought (HOT) theory of consciousness which says that what makes a mental state conscious is the presence of a suitable higher-order thought about that state (Gennaro [2004a]; Rosenthal [2005]). Feb 15, 2017 · HOROR theory argues that phenomenal consciousness does not reflect a sensory state (as proposed by first-order theory) or the relation between a sensory state and a higher-order cognitive state of working memory (as proposed by traditional HOT) (96, 100, 124). ” Like Meijer, Penrose and Hameroff have said “there is a connection between the brain’s biomolecular processes and the basic structure of the universe. 5When I am in a conscious mental state, it is directed at or 'about'somethingelse. Higher-Order (HO) theories of consciousness have in common the idea that what makes a mental state conscious is that it is the object of some kind of higher-order representation. , first-order local recurrency theories). Jun 18, 2004 · 1. He defends and further develops a The so-called 'higher-order thought' (HOT) theory of consciousness says that what makes a mental state conscious is the presence of a suitable higher-order thought directed at it (Rosenthal, 1986; 1990; 1993; 2002; 2004; Gennaro, 1996; 2004). First and fore-most in Rosenthal's exposition, HOT theory offers an explanation of what he calls "state consciousness. ); 1 = the rater doubts this article; 2 for the dispositionalist HOT theory occupies chapters 7-9. Source: Bar-Ilan University. Our search strategy looked for papers between the years 2001 and 2019 (up to the search Aug 11, 2022 · Summary: Consciousness can not simply be reduced to neural activity alone, researchers say. As Kathleen Wider puts it in her terrific book The Bodily Nature of Consciousness: Sartre and Contemporary Philosophy of Mind, ‘all consciousness is, by its very nature, self-consciousness. Consciousness & Physicalism 2. However, HOT theorists have tended to offer two alternative formulations of this Jun 12, 2023 · Purpose of Review In this review, we summarize the current understanding of consciousness including its neuroanatomic basis. History of the issue. Although it seems that Sep 1, 2002 · My overall aim in this paper is to examine Sartre's theory of consciousness against the background of the so-called ‘higher-order thought theory of consciousness’ (the HOT theory) which, in (2002). David Rosenthal’s higher-order thought theory is a theory of state consciousness. Introduction. Oct 9, 2018 · The discussion that follows will highlight specific areas of cortex including the prefrontal cortex that will figure in discussions of confidence (section 2. However, I do not think that such self-awareness is itself typically conscious. In this post, we will focus on higher-order theories (HOTs) of consciousness, one of May 22, 2000 · Nickel says we can see an arbitrarily chosen set of constituent squares “as prominent. Fresh evidence has highlighted a posterior-cortical ‘hot zone’ that is responsible Aug 18, 2021 · A set of the essential positions a theory of consciousness should account for would substantially aid with comparing theories (see Step 3 in the description of our approach). In this paper I aim to defend David Rosenthal's higher-order thought (HOT) theory of consciousness against a prominent objection. Thus it argues for an overall philosophical theory of consciousness while applying it to other significant issues not usually addressed in the philosophical literature on consciousness. Dennett II: Consciousness Fictionalized 9. Aug 19, 2020 · animal consciousness seemed an inevitable consequence of Carruthers’ support for a higher-order thought (HOT) theory of consciousness. David Rosenthal's higher-order thought (HOT) theory of consciousness con-tinues to be hugely influential in philosophy of mind and cognitive science, and so it is of great value to practitioners in the field that Consciousness and Mind brings together under one cover some of Rosenthal's most important articles on the HOT theory and related topics. As such, they try to explain consciousness in terms of its function, including applying higher-order representations on lower-order representations (HOT), accessing information stored in a global workspace (GNWT), or using prior information to predict upcoming stimuli (PPT). The Higher-Order Thought (‘HOT’) theory is one variant of the Higher-Order (‘HO’) theoretic approach to phenomenal consciousness. HOT theorists might reject Farrell’s (M1), on a certain construal of the theory. Storm et al. 32, No. Jan 22, 2014 · In The Paradox of Consciousness, Gennaro develops and defends a higher-order thought (HOT) theory of consciousness. William James’ (1890) “stream of consciousness” and Edmund Husserl’s (1928/1991) “inner time consciousness” attempt to explicate phenomenologically that all experience happens within an extended present, a unified temporal and spatial whole of experience, within which the unfolding of events, time passage, happens. Nov 25, 2023 · Key points. Consciousness in its entirety, they argued, was too broad and Nov 18, 2011 · HOT theory says that what makes a mental state conscious is that a suitable higher-order thought is directed at that mental state. LeDoux4,5,6,* The higher-order theory (HOT) of consciousness has often been misunderstood by critics. Without the self there is no fear or love or joy. g. HOT Theory II: Animals, Mental Sophistication & Dispositions 6. Higher-order theories are often interpreted as invoking a special relation between the first-order state and the higher-order state. Canadian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. Higher-order theory can account for the distinction between unconscious and conscious brain processing. Fortunately, more can be said to narrow down the explanatory targets of the theory. Consciousness and mind. In contrast, another theory might not even use the term. Ultimately what we need is a satisfying scientific theory of consciousness that predicts under consequence of Carruthers s support for a higher- order thought (HOT) theory of consciousness. HOTs, GNWT and PPT can be regarded as functionalist ToCs (Doerig et al. In The Consciousness Paradox, Rocco Gennaro aims to solve an underlying paradox, namely, how it is possible to hold a number of seemingly inconsistent views, including higher-order thought (HOT) theory, conceptualism, infant and animal consciousness, concept acquisition, and what he calls the HOT-brain thesis. Jan 1, 2008 · My overall aim in this paper is to examine Sartre's theory of consciousness against the background of the so-called ‘higher-order thought theory of consciousness’ (the HOT theory) which, in Jan 1, 2005 · The so-called 'higher-order thought' (HOT) theory of consciousness says that what makes a mental state conscious is the presence of a suitable higher-order thought directed at it (Rosenthal, 1986 Sep 1, 2023 · 2. For various reasons, such thoughts are typically understood to This content downloaded from 192. Jean-Paul Sartre and the HOT Theory of Consciousness. Apr 3, 2001 · Actualist higher-order thought (HOT) theory is a proposal about the nature of state-consciousness in general, of which phenomenal consciousness is but one species. Jan 17, 2024 · Consciousness theory slammed as ‘pseudoscience’ — sparking uproar. 206. 10. Chaos ensued. Each theory attempts to unravel what makes an entity conscious. . Following a short introduction, this chapter begins by contrasting two different forms of higher-order perception (HOP) theory of phenomenal consciousness -inner sense theory versus a dispositionalist kind of higher-order thought (HOT) theory -and by giving a brief statement of the superiority of the latter. A novel study reports the dynamics of consciousness may be understood by a newly developed conceptual and mathematical framework. Of course, the word "consciousness" encompasses a wide variety of phenomena. Recent years have seen a blossoming of theories about the biological and physical basis of consciousness. In addition, some HO theories hold that to be conscious, a state must be actively represented by an HO state, while others maintain that the mere Mar 3, 2017 · A Higher-Order Theory of Emotional Consciousness. zdwg rvmtw acl vyecmi enm uwfzov xwpiv bqlrl zzaz duhg